Bromine (pronounced /ˈbroʊmiːn/ or /ˈbroʊmɨn/), Greek Greek , an Indo-European language native to the southern Balkan peninsula, is the language of the Greeks. It forms an independent branch within Indo-European. It has the longest documented history of any Indo-European language, spanning 34 centuries of written records. In its ancient form, it is the language of classical Ancient Greek literature: βρῶμος, brómos, meaning "stench (of he-goats)" [2]), is a chemical element A chemical element is a pure chemical substance consisting of one type of atom distinguished by its atomic number, which is the number of protons in its nucleus. The term is also used to refer to a pure chemical substance composed of atoms with the same number of protons. Common examples of elements are iron, copper, silver, gold, hydrogen, carbon, with the symbol Br and atomic number The atomic number, Z, should not be confused with the mass number, A, which is the total number of protons and neutrons in the nucleus of an atom. The number of neutrons, N, is known as the neutron number of the atom; thus, A = Z + N. Since protons and neutrons have approximately the same mass , the atomic mass of an atom is roughly equal to A 35. A halogen The halogens or halogen elements are a series of nonmetal elements from Group 17 IUPAC Style of the periodic table, comprising fluorine, (F); chlorine, (Cl); bromine, (Br); iodine, (I); and astatine, (At). The undiscovered element 117, temporarily named ununseptium, may also be a halogen element, bromine is a reddish-brown volatile Volatility in the context of chemistry, physics and thermodynamics is a measure of the tendency of a substance to vaporize. It has also been defined as a measure of how readily a substance vaporizes. At a given temperature, substances with higher vapor pressures will vaporize more readily than substances with a lower vapor pressure liquid at standard room temperature In physical sciences, standard conditions for temperature and pressure are standard sets of conditions for experimental measurements, to allow comparisons to be made between different sets of data. The most used standards are those of the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC) and the National Institute of Standards and that is intermediate in reactivity between chlorine Chlorine (pronounced /ˈklɔərin/, from the Greek word 'χλωρóς' , is the chemical element with atomic number 17 and symbol Cl. It is a halogen, found in the periodic table in group 17 (formerly VII, VIIa, or VIIb). As the chloride ion, which is part of common salt and other compounds, it is abundant in nature and necessary to most forms of and iodine Iodine , is a chemical element that has the symbol I and atomic number 53. Naturally-occurring iodine is a single isotope with 74 neutrons. Bromine vapours are corrosive A corrosive substance is one that will destroy or irreversibly damage another substance with which it comes in contact. The main hazards to people include damage to eyes, skin and tissue under the skin, but inhalation or ingestion of a corrosive substance can damage the respiratory and gastrointestinal tracts. Exposure results in chemical burn and toxic Toxicity is the degree to which a substance is able to damage an exposed organism. Toxicity can refer to the effect on a whole organism, such as an animal, bacterium, or plant, as well as the effect on a substructure of the organism, such as a cell or an organ (organotoxicity), such as the liver (hepatotoxicity). By extension, the word may be. Approximately 556,000 metric tonnes were produced in 2007. [3] The main applications for bromine are in fire retardants A fire retardant is a substance that helps delay or prevent combustion. Fire retardants are commonly used in fire fighting. Water is the most commonly used fire retardant, but the phrase typically refers to chemical retardants, including fire-fighting foams and fire-retardant gels. It can also refer to a coating over an object, such as a spray and fine chemicals.

Contents

History

Bromine was discovered independently by two chemists Antoine Balard Antoine Jérôme Balard was a French chemist and the discoverer of bromine[4] and Carl Jacob Löwig Carl Jacob Löwig was a German chemist and discovered bromine independently from Antoine Jérôme Balard[5] in 1825 and 1826.[6]

Balard found bromide salts in the ash of sea weed Seaweed is a loose colloquial term encompassing macroscopic, multicellular, benthic marine algae. The term includes some members of the red, brown and green algae. Seaweeds can also be classified by use from the salt marshes A salt marsh is a type of marsh that is a transitional intertidal between land and salty or brackish water . It is dominated by halophytic (salt tolerant) herbaceous plants. Historically, salt marshes have sometimes been treated as "wastelands", along with other wetlands. Salt marshes are one of the most biologically productive habitats of Montpellier Montpellier is a city in southern France. It is the capital of the Languedoc-Roussillon region, as well as the Hérault department in 1826. The sea weed was used to produce iodine, but also contained bromine. Balard distilled the bromine from a solution of seaweed ash saturated with chlorine. The properties of the resulting substance resembled that of an intermediate of chlorine and iodine, with those results he tried to prove that the substance was iodine monochloride Iodine monochloride is the chemical compound with the formula ICl. It is a red-brown compound that melts near room temperature. Because of the difference in the electronegativity of iodine and chlorine, ICl is highly polar and behaves as a source of I+ (ICl), but after failing to do so he was sure that he found a new element and named it muride, derived from the Latin Latin is an Italic language historically spoken in Latium and Ancient Rome. Through the Roman conquest, Latin spread throughout the Mediterranean and a large part of Europe. Romance languages such as Italian, French, Catalan, Romanian, Spanish, and Portuguese are descended from Latin, while many others, especially European languages, including word muria for brine.[4]

Carl Jacob Löwig isolated bromine from mineral water spring from his home town Bad Kreuznach Bad Kreuznach is the capital of the district of Bad Kreuznach, Rhineland-Palatinate, Germany. It is located on the Nahe River, a tributary of the Rhine. The town and surrounding areas are renowned both nationally and internationally for its wines, especially Riesling, Silvaner and Müller-Thurgau grape varieties in 1825. Löwig used a solution of the mineral salt saturated with chlorine and extracted the bromine with diethylether Diethyl ether, also known as ether and ethoxyethane, is a clear, colorless, and highly flammable liquid with a low boiling point and a characteristic odor. It is the most common member of a class of chemical compounds known generically as ethers. It is an isomer of butanol. Diethyl ether has the formula CH3-CH2-O-CH2-CH3. It is used as a common. After evaporation of the ether a brown liquid remained. With this liquid as a sample for his work he applied for a position in the laboratory of Leopold Gmelin Gmelin was the son of Johann Friedrich Gmelin. He studied medicine and chemistry at Göttingen, Tübingen and Vienna, and in 1813 began to lecture on chemistry at Heidelberg, where in 1814 he was appointed extraordinary-, and in 1817 ordinary-, professor of chemistry and medicine. He was the discoverer of potassium ferricyanide , and wrote the in Heidelberg Heidelberg is a city in Baden-Württemberg, Germany. As of 2006, over 140,000 people live within the city's 109 square kilometres area. Heidelberg is a unitary authority. The Rhein-Neckar-Kreis rural district surrounds and has its seat in the city, but the city itself does not form a part of it. The publication of the results was delayed and Balard published his results first.[5]

After the French chemists Louis Nicolas Vauquelin Vauquelin was born at Saint-André-d'Hébertot in Normandy, France. His first acquaintance with chemistry was gained as laboratory assistant to an apothecary in Rouen , and after various vicissitudes he obtained an introduction to A.F. Fourcroy, in whose laboratory he was an assistant from 1783 to 1791, Louis Jacques Thénard Louis Jacques Thénard , was a French chemist, and Joseph-Louis Gay-Lussac approved the experiments of the young pharmacist Balard, the results where presented at a lecture of the Académie des Sciences The French Academy of Sciences is a learned society, founded in 1666 by Louis XIV at the suggestion of Jean-Baptiste Colbert, to encourage and protect the spirit of French scientific research. It was at the forefront of scientific developments in Europe in the 17th and 18th centuries. It is one of the earliest academies of sciences and published in Annales de Chimie et Physique[7]. In his publication Balard states that he changed the name from muride to brôme on the proposal of M. Anglada. Other sources claim that the French chemist and physicist Joseph-Louis Gay-Lussac suggested the name brôme due to the characteristic smell of the vapors.[8] Bromine was not produced in quantity until 1860.

The first commercial use, besides some minor medical applications, was the use of bromine for the daguerreotype A daguerreotype is an early type of photograph, developed by Louis Daguerre, in which the image is exposed directly onto a mirror-polished surface of silver bearing a coating of silver halide particles deposited by iodine vapor. In later developments bromine and chlorine vapors were also used, resulting in shorter exposure times. The daguerreotype. In 1840 it was discovered that bromine had some advantages over the previous used iodine vapour to create the light sensitive silver halide A silver halide is one of the compounds formed between silver and one of the halogens — silver bromide , chloride (AgCl), iodide (AgI), and two forms of silver fluorides. As a group, they are often referred to as the silver halides, and are often given the pseudo-chemical notation AgX. Although most silver halides involve silver atoms with layer used for daguerreotypy.[9]

Potassium bromide Potassium bromide is a typical ionic salt which is fully dissociated and near pH 7 in aqueous solution. It serves as a source of bromide ions- this reaction is important for the manufacture of silver bromide for photographic film: and sodium bromide Sodium bromide, also known as sedoneural is a salt with the formula Na were used as anticonvulsants and sedatives in the late 19th and early 20th centuries, until they were gradually superseded by chloral hydrate Chloral hydrate is a sedative and hypnotic drug as well as a chemical reagent and precursor. The name chloral hydrate indicates that it is formed from chloral by the addition of one molecule of water. Its chemical formula is C2H3Cl3O2 and then the barbiturates Barbiturates are drugs that act as central nervous system depressants, and, by virtue of this, they produce a wide spectrum of effects, from mild sedation to anesthesia. They are also effective as anxiolytics, hypnotics and as anticonvulsants. They have addiction potential, both physical and psychological. Barbiturates have now largely been.[10]

Characteristics

Bromine is the only liquid nonmetallic Nonmetal, or non-metal, is a term used in chemistry when classifying the chemical elements. On the basis of their general physical and chemical properties, every element in the periodic table can be termed either a metal or a nonmetal element at room temperature Room temperature is a common term to denote a certain temperature within enclosed space at which humans are accustomed. Room temperature is thus often indicated by general human comfort, with the common range of 7°C to 32°C (90 °F),[citation needed] though climate may acclimatize people to higher or lower temperatures, and one of only two elements on the periodic table that are liquid at room temperature. The melting point The melting point of a solid is the temperature range at which it changes state from solid to liquid. At the melting point the solid and liquid phase exist in equilibrium. When considered as the temperature of the reverse change from liquid to solid, it is referred to as the freezing point. Because of the ability of some substances to supercool, of bromine is −7.2 °C and has the boiling point The boiling point of an element or a substance is the temperature at which the vapor pressure of the liquid equals the environmental pressure surrounding the liquid. A liquid in a vacuum environment has a lower boiling point than when the liquid is at atmospheric pressure. A liquid in a high pressure environment has a higher boiling point than 58.8 °C. The pure chemical element has the physical form of a diatomic molecule Diatomic molecules are molecules composed only of two atoms, of either the same or different chemical elements. The prefix di- means two in Greek. Common diatomic molecules are hydrogen, nitrogen, oxygen, and carbon monoxide. Most elements aside from the noble gases form diatomic molecules when heated, but high temperatures - sometimes thousands, Br2. It is a dense, mobile, reddish-brown liquid, that evaporates easily at standard temperature and pressures In physical sciences, standard conditions for temperature and pressure are standard sets of conditions for experimental measurements, to allow comparisons to be made between different sets of data. The most used standards are those of the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC) and the National Institute of Standards and to give a red vapor (its color resembles nitrogen dioxide Nitrogen dioxide is the chemical compound with the formula N ) that has a strong disagreeable odor resembling that of chlorine Chlorine (pronounced /ˈklɔərin/, from the Greek word 'χλωρóς' , is the chemical element with atomic number 17 and symbol Cl. It is a halogen, found in the periodic table in group 17 (formerly VII, VIIa, or VIIb). As the chloride ion, which is part of common salt and other compounds, it is abundant in nature and necessary to most forms of. Bromine is a halogen The halogens or halogen elements are a series of nonmetal elements from Group 17 IUPAC Style of the periodic table, comprising fluorine, (F); chlorine, (Cl); bromine, (Br); iodine, (I); and astatine, (At). The undiscovered element 117, temporarily named ununseptium, may also be a halogen, and is less reactive than chlorine Chlorine (pronounced /ˈklɔərin/, from the Greek word 'χλωρóς' , is the chemical element with atomic number 17 and symbol Cl. It is a halogen, found in the periodic table in group 17 (formerly VII, VIIa, or VIIb). As the chloride ion, which is part of common salt and other compounds, it is abundant in nature and necessary to most forms of and more reactive than iodine Iodine , is a chemical element that has the symbol I and atomic number 53. Naturally-occurring iodine is a single isotope with 74 neutrons. Bromine is slightly soluble Solubility is the property of a solid, liquid, or gaseous chemical substance called solute to dissolve in a liquid solvent to form a homogeneous solution. The solubility of a substance strongly depends on the used solvent as well as on temperature and pressure. The extent of the solubility of a substance in a specific solvent is measured as the in water Water can take many forms. The solid state of water is known as ice; the gaseous state is known as water vapor , and the common liquid phase is generally understood when simply referring to water. Above a certain critical temperature and pressure (647 K and 22.064 MPa), water molecules assume a supercritical condition, in which liquid-like, and highly soluble in carbon disulfide Carbon disulfide is a colorless, volatile liquid with the formula CS2. The compound is used frequently as a building block in organic chemistry as well as an industrial and chemical non-polar solvent. It has an "ether-like" odor, but commercial samples are typically contaminated with foul-smelling impurities, such as carbonyl sulfide, aliphatic In organic chemistry, compounds composed of carbon and hydrogen are divided into two classes: aromatic compounds, which contain benzene rings or similar rings of atoms, and aliphatic compounds , which do not contain aromatic rings alcohols In chemistry, an alcohol is any organic compound in which a hydroxyl group (-O (such as methanol Methanol, also known as methyl alcohol, carbinol, wood alcohol, wood naphtha or wood spirits, is a toxic chemical with chemical formula C ), and acetic acid Acetic acid, CH3COOH, also known as ethanoic acid, is an organic acid which gives vinegar its sour taste and pungent smell. Pure, water-free acetic acid is a colourless liquid that absorbs water from the environment (hygroscopy), and freezes at 16.7 °C (62 °F) to a colourless crystalline solid. It is a weak acid, in that it is only partially. It bonds A chemical bond is the physical process responsible for the attractive interactions between atoms and molecules, and that which confers stability to diatomic and polyatomic chemical compounds. The explanation of the attractive forces is a complex area that is described by the laws of quantum electrodynamics. In practice, however, chemists usually easily with many elements and has a strong bleaching action. Bromine, like chlorine, is also used in maintenance of swimming pools.

Certain bromine-related compounds have been evaluated to have an ozone depletion potential or bioaccumulate in living organisms. As a result many industrial bromine compounds are no longer manufactured, are being restricted, or scheduled for phasing out. The Montreal Protocol mentions several organobromine compounds for this phase out.

Bromine is a powerful oxidizing agent. It reacts vigorously with metals, especially in the presence of water, as well as most organic compounds, especially upon illumination.

Isotopes

Main article: Isotopes of bromine

Bromine has 2 stable isotopes: 79Br (50.69 %) and 81Br (49.31%). At least another 23 radioisotopes are known to exist.[11] Many of the bromine isotopes are fission products. Several of the heavier bromine isotopes from fission are delayed neutron emitters. All of the radioactive bromine isotopes are relatively short lived. The longest half life is the neutron deficient 77Br at 2.376 days. The longest half life on the neutron rich side is 82Br at 1.471 days. A number of the bromine isotopes exhibit metastable isomers. Stable 79Br exhibits a radioactive isomer, with a half life of 4.86 seconds. It decays by isomeric transition to the stable ground state.[12]

Occurrence and production

See also Halide minerals.
World bromine production trend

The diatomic element Br2 does not occur naturally. Instead, bromine exists exclusively as bromide salts in diffuse amounts in crustal rock. Due to leaching, bromide salts have accumulated in sea water (65 ppm),[13] but at a lower concentration than chloride. Bromine may be economically recovered from bromide-rich brine wells and from the Dead Sea waters (up to 50000 ppm).[14][15]

View of salt evaporation pans on the Dead Sea, where Jordan (right) and Israel (left) produce salt and bromine

Approximately 556,000 metric tons (worth around US$2.5 billion) of bromine are produced per year (2007) worldwide with the United States, Israel, and China being the primary producers.[16][17][18] Bromine production has increased sixfold since the 1960s. The largest bromine reserve in the United States is located in Columbia and Union County, Arkansas, U.S.[19] China's bromine reserves are located in the Shandong Province and Israel's bromine reserves are contained in the waters of the Dead Sea. The bromide-rich brines are treated with chlorine gas, flushing through with air. In this treatment, bromide anions are oxidized to bromine by the chlorine gas.

2 Br− + Cl2 → 2 Cl− + Br2

Because of its commercial availability and long shelf-life, bromine is not typically prepared. Small amounts of bromine can however be generated through the reaction of solid sodium bromide with concentrated sulfuric acid (H2SO4). The first stage is formation of hydrogen bromide (HBr), which is a gas, but under the reaction conditions some of the HBr is oxidized further by the sulfuric acid to form bromine (Br2) and sulfur dioxide (SO2).

NaBr (s) + H2SO4 (aq) → HBr (aq) + NaHSO4 (aq)
2 HBr (aq) + H2SO4 (aq) → Br2 (g) + SO2 (g) + 2 H2O (l)

Similar alternatives, such as the use of dilute hydrochloric acid with sodium hypochlorite, are also available. The most important thing is that the anion of the acid (in the above examples, sulfate and chloride, respectively) be more electronegative than bromine, allowing the substitution reaction to occur.

Reaction between a strong oxidizing agent such as potassium permanganate on bromide ions in the presence of an acid also gives bromine. An acidic solution of bromate ions and bromide ions will also disproportionate slowly to give bromine.

Bromine is only slightly soluble in water. But the solubility can be increased by the presence of bromide ions. However, concentrated solutions of bromine are rarely prepared in the lab as they will continually give off toxic red-brown bromine gas due to its very high vapour pressure. Sodium thiosulphate is an excellent reagent for getting rid of bromine completely including the stains and odour.

Compounds

See also: Category:Bromine compounds

Organic chemistry

N-Bromosuccinimide

Organic compounds are brominated by either addition or substitution reactions. Bromine undergoes electrophilic addition to the double-bonds of alkenes, via a cyclic bromonium intermediate. In non-aqueous solvents such as carbon disulfide, this affords the di-bromo product. For example, reaction with ethylene will produce 1,2-dibromoethane. Bromine also undergoes electrophilic addition to phenols and anilines. When used as bromine water, a small amount of the corresponding bromohydrin is formed as well as the dibromo compound. So reliable is the reactivity of bromine that bromine water is employed as a reagent to test for the presence of alkenes, phenols, and anilines. Like the other halogens, bromine participates in free radical reactions. For example hydrocarbons are brominated upon treatment with bromine in the presence of light.

Bromine, sometimes with a catalytic amount of phosphorus, easily brominates carboxylic acids at the α-position. This method, the Hell-Volhard-Zelinsky reaction, is the basis of the commercial route to bromoacetic acid. N-Bromosuccinimide is commonly used as a substitute for elemental bromine, being easier to handle, and reacting more mildly and thus more selectively. Organic bromides are often preferable relative to the less reactive chlorides and more expensive iodide-containing reagents. Thus, Grignard and organolithium compound are most often generated from the corresponding bromides.

Inorganic chemistry

Oxidation states of bromine
-1 HBr
+1 BrCl
+3 BrF3
+5 BrF5
+5 BrO3−
+7 BrO4−

Bromine is an oxidizer, and it will oxidize iodide ions to iodine, being itself reduced to bromide:

Br2 + 2 I− → 2 Br− + I2

Bromine will also oxidize metals and metalloids to the corresponding bromides. Anhydrous bromine is less reactive toward many metals than hydrated bromine, however. Dry bromine reacts vigorously with aluminium, titanium, mercury as well as alkaline earths and alkali metals.

If bromine is dissolved in hydroxide containing water not only bromide (Br−) is formed, but also the hypobromite (OBr−). This hypobromite is responsible for the bleaching abilities of bromide solutions. In warm solutions the disproportion reaction of the hypobromite is quantitive. The resulting bromate is a strong oxidation reagent and very similar to the chlorate.

3 OBr− → BrO3− + 2 Br−

The perbromates are not accessible through electrolysis like the perchlorates, but only by reacting bromate solutions with fluorine.

OBr− + H2O + F2 → BrO4− + 2 HF

Applications

A wide variety of organobromine compounds are used in industry. Some are prepared from bromine and others are prepared from hydrogen bromide, which is obtained by burning hydrogen in bromine.[3]

Illustrative of the addition reaction[20] is the preparation of 1,2-Dibromoethane, the organobromine compound produced in the largest amounts:

C2H4 + Br2 → CH2BrCH2Br

Flame retardant

Tetrabromobisphenol A

Brominated flame retardants represent a commodity of growing importance. If the material burns the flame retardents produce hydrobromic acid which interferes in the radical chain reaction of the oxidation reaction of the fire. The highly reactive hydrogen oxygen and hydroxy radicals react with hydrobromic acid and form less reactive bromine radicals.[21][22] The bromine containing compounds can be placed in the polymeres either during polymerisation if a small amount of brominated monomer is added or the bromine containing compound is added after polymerisation. Tetrabromobisphenol A can be added to produce polyesters or epoxy resins. An epoxy resigns used for printed circuit boards (PCB) are normally made from flame retardant resigns, indicated by the FR in the abbreviation of the products (FR-4 and FR-2. Vinyl bromide can be used in the production of polyethylene, polyvinylchloride or polypropylene. Decabromodiphenyl ether can be added to the final polymeres.[23]

Gasoline additive

Ethylene bromide was an additive in gasolines containing lead anti-engine knocking agents. It scavenges lead by forming volatile lead bromide, which is exhausted from the engine. This application accounted for 77% of the bromine uses in 1966 in the US. This application has declined since the 1970s due to environmental regulations.[24] Ethylene bromide is also used as a fumigant, but again this application is declining.[18]

Pesticide

Methyl bromide (Bromomethane)

Methyl bromide was widely used as pesticide to fumigate soil. The Montreal Protocol on Substances that Deplete the Ozone scheduled the phase out for the ozone depleting chemical until 2005. In 1991, an estimated 35,000 metric tonnes of the chemical were used to control nematodes, fungi, weeds and other soil-borne diseases.[25][26]

Other Use

Orange fluoresces of DNA Ethidium bromide intercalate Tralomethrin

Biological role

Tyrian purple

Bromine has no known role in human health, but organobromine compounds do occur naturally. Marine organisms are the main source of organobromine compounds. In 1999 over 1600 compounds were identified. The most abundant one is methyl bromide with a estimate amount of 56000 metric tons produced by marine algae.[30] The essential oil of the Hawaiian alga Asparagopsis taxiformis consists of 80% methyl bromide.[31] A famous example of a bromine-containing organic compound that has been used by humans for a long time is Tyrian purple.[30][32] The brominated indigo is produced by a medium-sized predatory sea snail, the marine gastropod Murex brandaris. It took until 1909 before the organobromine nature of the compound was discovered by Paul Friedländer.[33] Most organobromine compounds in nature arise via the action of vanadium bromoperoxidase.[34]

Safety

See also: List of highly toxic gases

Elemental bromine is toxic and causes burns. As an oxidizing agent, it is incompatible with most organic and inorganic compounds. Care needs to be taken when transporting bromine; it is commonly carried in steel tanks lined with lead, supported by strong metal frames.

When certain ionic compounds containing bromine are mixed with potassium permanganate (KMnO4) and an acidic substance, they will form a pale brown cloud of bromine gas. This gas smells like bleach and is very irritating to the mucus membranes. Upon exposure, one should move to fresh air immediately. If symptoms arise, medical attention is needed.

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  30. ^ a b Gordon W. Gribble (1999). "The diversity of naturally occurring organobromine compounds". Chemical Society Reviews 28 (5): 335. doi:10.1039/a900201d.
  31. ^ "Volatile halogen compounds in the alga Asparagopsis taxiformis (Rhodophyta)". Journal of Agricultural snd Food Chemistry 24 (4): 856–861. 1976. doi:10.1021/jf60206a040.
  32. ^ Gordon W. Gribble (1998). "Naturally Occurring Organohalogen Compounds". Acc. Chem. Res. 31 (3): 141–152. doi:10.1021/ar9701777.
  33. ^ Friedländer, P.. "Über den Farbstoff des antiken Purpurs aus murex brandaris". Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 42 (1): 765–770.
  34. ^ Butler, Alison; Carter-Franklin, Jayme N. (2004). "The role of vanadium bromoperoxidase in the biosynthesis of halogenated marine natural products". Natural Product Reports 21: 180–188. doi:10.1039/b302337k.

External links

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Look up bromine in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.
Diatomic chemical elements

Hydrogen H2 | Nitrogen N2 | Oxygen O2 | Fluorine F2 | Chlorine Cl2 | Bromine Br2 | Iodine I2 | Astatine At2 |
Periodic table
H He
Li Be B C N O F Ne
Na Mg Al Si P S Cl Ar
K Ca Sc Ti V Cr Mn Fe Co Ni Cu Zn Ga Ge As Se Br Kr
Rb Sr Y Zr Nb Mo Tc Ru Rh Pd Ag Cd In Sn Sb Te I Xe
Cs Ba La Ce Pr Nd Pm Sm Eu Gd Tb Dy Ho Er Tm Yb Lu Hf Ta W Re Os Ir Pt Au Hg Tl Pb Bi Po At Rn
Fr Ra Ac Th Pa U Np Pu Am Cm Bk Cf Es Fm Md No Lr Rf Db Sg Bh Hs Mt Ds Rg Uub Uut Uuq Uup Uuh Uus Uuo
Alkali metals Alkaline earth metals Lanthanoids Actinoids Transition metals Other metals Metalloids Other nonmetals Halogens Noble gases

Categories: Chemical elements | Halogens | Bromine

 

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'Bromine' News
HFCs - Protect The Ozone But Raise Global Warming - MedIndia
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HFCs - Protect The Ozone But Raise Global Warming

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HFCs, which do not contain ozone-destroying chlorine or bromine atoms, are used as substitutes for ozone-depleting compounds such as chlorofluorocarbons ...



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2009-06-16 07:01:47

Solaris Chemtech to expand . Bromine. Recovery & related . Bromine. Derivatives unit. - Sector: Chemicals. Content is restricted to paid members. If you are an existing user, please login using the form below. ...

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Wed Jun 17 13:34:07 2009
'Bromine' Answers
I need reagents for the following elements: lead, manganese, bromine, zinc, copper?
Q. I'm doing an experiment where I can testing a bunch of different water samples for over 15 elements, and I've figured out reagents for all of the other elements, but I still need to figure out the reagents for lead, manganese, bromine, zinc and copper to be able to continue. Thank you!
Asked by random person :] - Tue Oct 28 23:19:17 2008 - - 1 Answers - 0 Comments

A. They will all pretty much react with chlorine. Try KCL, should work
Answered by Donna - Tue Oct 28 23:27:51 2008

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